1. Ping : Check connectivity to another host.
ping google.com
2. ifconfig : View and configure network interface parameters.
ifconfig
3. ip : Modern replacement for ifconfig.
ip a4. Traceroute : Trace the route packets take to a host.
traceroute google.com
5. Tracepath : Similar to traceroute but does not require superuser privileges. It identifies the path to a network host.
tracepath google.com6. netstat : Display network connections, routing tables, and more
netstat -a
7. ss : Similar to netstat but faster.
ss -t
8. dig : Advanced DNS query tool
dig google.com
9. nslookup : Query DNS servers for DNS information
nslookup google.com
10. Route : View and manipulate the IP routing table.
route -n11. ARP : Display and modify the ARP cache, which maps IP addresses to MAC addresses.
arp -a12. curl / wget : Fetch data from web servers; both can be used to check connectivity to web services.
curl -I http://example.comwget http://example.com13. journalctl : View system logs for networking-related messages.
journalctl -u NetworkManager
14. systemctl : Manage and check the status of network services.
systemctl status NetworkManager
15. ethtool : Display and modify Ethernet device settings.
ethtool eth0
16. ufw : Check and manage firewall rules.
sudo ufw status
17. iftop : Monitor real-time network traffic usage.
iftop18. lsof : List open files, including network sockets.
lsof -i :80
19. tcpdump : Capture and analyze network packets.
tcpdump -i eth0 port 80